Background documentation
Speakers' contributions
The information contained in these publications does not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission
- Sources of law (including the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights)
- Definition of key concepts
- The burden of proof
- Remedies
- Religion or belief
- Disability - Reasonable accommodation
- Age discrimination
- Sexual Orientation – LGBTI
- Racial discrimination and Roma issues
- Multiple discrimination
- The role of the national judge in applying EU Anti-discrimination Law
- Artificial intelligence
- Hate Speech
- Other topics
- The European legal framework on equality - EL
Dimitrios C. Goulas (November 2023) - The EU legal framework on equality – the Charter (legal value - horizontal direct effect of Article 21) - FR
Julie Brohée (June 2023) - The EU legal framework on equality law - RO
Jakub Tomšej (May 2023) - The EU legal framework on equality - DE - ES - FR - RO
Sara Iglesias Sanchez (April 2023) - The EU legal framework on equality – EU Charter of Fundamental Rights - DE - ES - FR
Monika Schlachter (November 2022) - The EU legal framework on equality - RO
Paola Regina (October 2022) - The EU legal framework on equality - EE
Gaabriel Tavits (September 2022) - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union - LV
Ieva Freija-Peccati (May 2022) - The EU legal framework on equality - DE - FR - PT
Marjolein van den Brink (April 2022) - The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the evolution of CJEU case-law
Adam Bodnar (December 2021) - The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and EU anti-discrimination law - FR
Dominik Düsterhaus (December 2021) - The Right to equality in Europe: EU Equality Directives and related laws - FR - HU - DE - BG
Peter Reading (September 2021) - EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and EU antidiscrimination law - SK
Lucia Mokrá (June 2021) - The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and EU Anti-discrimination Law - ES
Ioanna Dervisopoulos (April 2021) - The Horizontal Effects of Charter Rights Given Expression to in EU Legislation on Non-discrimination
Elise Muir (February 2021) - The EU legal framework on equality - NL
Krzysztof Śmiszek (January 2021) - The EU legal framework on equality - DE - FR - LT
Marie Mercat-Bruns (November 2020) - The legal framework on equality - IT
Silvia Borelli (October 2020) - The EU legal framework on equality - PL
Ioanna Dervisopoulos (June 2020) - The EU Legal Framework on Equality - DE
Jule Mulder (November 2019) - European Legal Framework on Equality - ES
Sara Benedi Lahuerta (October 2019) - The EU legal framework on equality - IT
Chiara Favilli (May 2019) - The EU Legal Framework on Equality - DE
Maria Lee (September 2018) - The EU legal framework on equality - DE - FR
Mathias Möschel (May 2018) - The EU legal framework on equality - DE - FR - IT
Nuria E. Ramos Martín (February 2018) - EU Equality Law - Legal Framework - PT
Ana Maria Guerra Martins (November 2017) - The right to equality in Europe: From Union to Division? - FR - HR
Peter Reding May (2017) - The EU legal framework of equality - DE - PL
Anna Sledzinska-Simon (October 2016) - The EU Legal Framework on Equality
Panos Kapotas (September 2016) - The EU legal framework on equality - ES
Álvaro Oliveira (May 2016) - General European Legal Framework on Equal Treatment - FR
Antoine Bailleux (November 2015) - The wider legal framework on equality in Europe - FR - DE - ES
Nicola Countouris (October 2015) - Update on EU Commission's work and pending EU equality initiatives
Álvaro Oliveira (June 2015) - The wider legal framework of equality in Europe - DE
Anna Sledzinska-Simon (April 2015) - Eqality Directives and Human Rights Frameworks - CZ
Peter Reading (April 2015) - The broader EU equality law framework: The Charter of Fundamental Rights, Accession to the ECHR, International treaties - IT
Jackie Jones (December 2014) - EU Legal Framework on Equality - PL - DE
Adam Bodnar (May 2014) - European equality legislation: the legal framework and its links with national law - FR - ES
Antonella Salerno (February 2014) - EU Equal Treatment Legislation - FR
Petra Schott (February 2014) - The relationships between EU anti-discrimination law and the EU Charter, the European Convention, and United Nations human rights treaties
Robert Wintemute (February 2014)
- Overview of the existing EU legislation on equality and definition of key concepts - DE - EL - IT - RO
Raluca Dimitriu (November 2023) - EU Anti-Discrimination Law: Definition of key concepts - FR - DE - ES
Michel Miné (June 2023) - Definition of key concepts - DE - ES
Tamás Gyulavári (April 2023) - EU anti-discrimination law: definition of key concepts - DE - PL
Christa Tobler (November 2022) - Definitions and concepts - DE - EE - FR - PL
Marc de Vos (September 2022) - Discrimination – Key Concepts - LV
Martin Mörk (May 2022) - Definition of key concepts: Direct discrimination, Indirect discrimination, Harassment - DE - FR - PT
Teresa Coelho Moreira (April 2022) - Definition of key concepts – Direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment
Mathias Möschel (September 2021) - Key concepts of EU equality law: Direct & indirect discrimination and harassment - DE - FR - SK
Raphaële Xenidis (June 2021) - Anti-discrimination law: definition of key concepts - BG - DE - ES - FR - NL
Mark Bell (January 2021) - Definition of Key Concepts, Direct Discrimination, Indirect Discrimination, Harassment - IT
Raffaello Santagata de Castro (October 2020) - Definition of Key Concepts - LT
Tomas Davulis (June 2020) - Definition of key concepts: Direct discrimination, Indirect discrimination and Harassment - PL
Krzysztof Śmiszek (February 2020) - Definition of Key Concepts in EU Anti-Discrimination Law - ES
Mark Bell (October 2019) - Key concepty in EU discrimination legislation - DE - FR - EL - PT
Colm O'Cinneide (November 2018) - The Principles of Non-discrimination - HU
Gábor Kártyás (September 2018) - Definition of key concepts - DE - FR - ES
Christiane Brors (December 2017) - Key concepts in discrimination - ES - HR
Philip Rostant (May 2017) - EU anti-discrimination law: Definition of key concepts - DE - Paper
Claire Bruton (November 2016) - Discrimination in Czech and European Employment Relations and Case-Law - CZ
Petr Hurka (April 2015) - Overview of the existing EU legislation on equality and definition of key concepts - IT - ES
Marzia Barbera (December 2014) - Overview of the existing EU legislation on equality and definitions of key concepts - DE
Marie Mercat-Bruns (February 2014)
- The Distribution of Burden of Proof in EU Antidiscrimination Law - EE - EL - FR - PT
Goran Selanec (November 2023) - Proving discrimination - IT
Alberto Guariso (October 2023) - Proving discrimination: The shift of the burden of proof - DE - FR
Zdenek Kühn (June 2023) - Proving Discrimination - RO
Ioanna Dervisopoulos (May 2023) - EU Anti-Discrimination law in practice - ES
María Barbancho (April 2023) - Proving discrimination - RO
Romaniţa Iordache (October 2022) - Proving discrimination under EU law - FR - LV
Lilla Farkas (May 2022) - Proving discrimination - DE - FR
Sophie Latraverse (December 2021) - Burden of proof in discrimination cases - RO
Dezideriu Gergel (October 2021) - Proving discrimination: Shifting the burden of proof and access to evidence - DE - FR - IT - ES
Nicola Braganza (September 2021) - Proving discrimination Shifting the burden of proof: How to establish a presumption of discrimination - SK
Jacob Sand (June 2021) - The burden of proof in sex discrimination cases - ES
José Fernando Lousada Arochena (April 2021) - Proving discrimination: burden of proof and access to evidence - NL
Christian Bayart (January 2021) - The Burden of Proof in Discrimination - DE - Paper
Declan O’Dempsey (November 2020) - Proving discrimination: The shift of the burden of proof and access to evidence - PL - IT
Tom Brown (October 2020) - The Burden of Proof - BG - Paper
James Dawson (September 2020) - Burden of proof and access to evidence - LT
Claire McCann (June 2020) - Proving Discrimination: the shift of the burden of proof and access to evidence - Paper
Rakesh Patel (November 2019) - The burden of proof – A practical guide - CZ - DE - FR - IT - PL - PT - Paper
Philip Rostant (May 2019) - The Burden of proof in discrimination cases - DE - FR - EL
Jennifer Eady (November 2018) - The Burden of Proof In Discrimination cases - HU - DE - Paper
Mary Stacey (September 2018) - Proving discrimination - The shift of the burden of proof and access to evidence - DEFR - ES - Paper
Anna Beale (February 2018) - Proving discrimination: A practical look at shifting the burden of proof and access to evidence - DE
Rachel Crasnow (September 2017) - Applying EU anti-discrimination Law - - FR
Franjo Frntic (May 2017) - The shifting burden of proof in discrimination cases - DE - FR - ES
Catherine Rayner (March 2017) - Proving discrimination: The shift of the burden of proof and access to evidence - DE - FR - PL
Jane Russell (July 2016) - Proving discrimination in community law - ES
Fernando Lousada Arochena (May 2016) - Proving discrimination: the shift of the burden of proof and access to evidence - DE - IT - FR
Christa Christensen (November 2015) - Burden of Proof in antidiscrimination cases - U.S. Insights into the CJEU Burden of Proof Doctrine
Goran Selanec (October 2014) - Proving discrimination: the shift of the burden of proof and access to evidence - PL - Paper
Dee Masters (May 2014) - Proving discrimination: the shift of the burden of proof and access to evidence - FR - Paper
Tom Brown (February 2014)
- Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - IT
Vincenzo Tudisco (October 2023) - Remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - FR
Jean-François Neven (June 2023) - Equality bodies in the EU: advancing towards more responsive designs?
Sara Benedi Lahuerta (June 2023) - Remedies and sanctions - RO
Iector Asztalos Csaba Ferenc (May 2023) - Strategic Litigation
Marion Guerrero (June 2022) - How to enforce and render effective anti-discrimination law: Mechanisms of enforcement, access to justice, etc.
Marie Mercat-Bruns (June 2022) - Enforcement of antidiscrimination law: best practices - LV
Romaniţa Iordache (May 2022) - Enforcement: remedies, sanctions and solutions in discrimination cases - DE - FR - IT - NL - PT
Katrin Wladasch (April 2022) - IT’S (NOT) ALL ‘BOUT THE MONEY: Remedies for nonmaterial damages in and after C-30/19 Braathens
Anna Wallerman Ghavanini (December 2021) - Enforcement: remedies, sanctions and solutions in discrimination cases
Neža Kogovšek Šalamon (September 2021) - Remedies and sanctions in sex discrimination cases - DE
Klaus Michael Alenfelder (November 2020) - Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - DE - ES - FR
Tamás Kádár (October 2020) - Enforcement: remedies, sanctions and solutions in discrimination cases - IT
Paul Lappalainen (October 2020) - Seeking effectiveness: Remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - BG
Darina Nedelcheva Racheva-Genadieva (September 2020) - Remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - LT
Laura Carlson (June 2020) - Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - IT - PL - DE - FR
Mirosław Wróblewski (February 2020) - Remedies and Sanctions in discrimination cases - DE
Gerhard Kuras (November 2019) - Remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - ES
Maria José Martínez Herrero (October 2019) - Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - EL
Ionna Dervisopoulos (November 2018) - Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - DE - FR - HU
András Kádár (September 2018) - Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - PT
Else Leona McClimans (November 2017) - Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases
Goran Selanec (May 2017) - Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - DE - FR
Iustina Ionescu (October 2016) - Seeking Effectivenes: Remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases
Bjorn Dilou Jacobsen (September 2016) - Remedies and sanctions in sex discrimination cases - FR
François Moyse (July 2016) - Reparation and Penalties in discrimination cases - ES - Paper - ES
María Amparo Ballester Pastor (May 2016) - Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in anti-discrimination cases - CZ - DE - FR
Petr Polak (November 2015) - Seeking effectiveness: remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - FR
Sophie Latraverse (October 2015) - Dealing with a discrimination case: remedies and sanctions - DE
Klaus Michael Alenfelder (April 2015) - Remedies and sanctions in discrimination cases - IT
Alberto Guariso (December 2014) - Remedies in discrimination law cases - The role of the EU Charter and EU accession to the ECHR
Steve Peers (October 2014) - Legal remedies and penalties in discrimination cases - DE
Kurt Pärli (September 2014) - Remedies and Sanctions in Anti-Discrimination Cases - PL
Krzysztof Smiszek (May 2014)
- Religious discrimination at the workplace and the CJEU case law regarding headscarves - EL
Jean-Philippe Lhernould (November 2023) - Religious discrimination at the workplace - DE - ES - FR - IT - NL - RO
Imane El Morabet (October 2023) - Religious discrimination at the workplace and the recent CJEU case law regarding headscarves - FR - HU
Marie Mercat-Bruns (June 2023) - The CJEU and Muslim Minorities’ Rights
Kristin Henrard (June 2023) - Religious discrimination at the workplace and the recent CJEU case law regarding headscarves - DE - FR - PT - RO
Erica Howard (May 2023) - Religious discrimination in the workplace - DE - ES - FR
Stephanie Hennette-Vauchez (November 2022) - Religious discrimination in the workplace - DE - EE - FR
Sophie Robin-Olivier (September 2022) - Are religion neutrality clauses in companies neutral?
Daniel Cuypers (June 2022) - Religious discrimination at the workplace – recent CJEU case law - LV
Tamás Kádár (May 2022) - Recent CJEU decisions on religious headscarves at the workplace: The WABE and Müller cases - DE - FR
Christa Tobler (December 2021) - Religious discrimination At the work place - FR - LT - SK
Daniël Cuypers (June 2021) - Religious discrimination at the workplace - FR
Sylvaine Laulom (October 2020) - Religious discrimination at the workplace - BG
Anna Śledzińska-Simon (September 2020) - Religious discrimination at workplace – approaches from the Luxembourg court and the Strasbourg court - FR - IT - PL
Eugenia Relaño Pastor (February 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of religion at the workplace in Europe - DE
Peter Stein (November 2019) - CJEU case law on religious discrimination at the workplace - FR
Isabelle Rorive (September 2019) - Discrimination based upon religion: the approach of the CJEU
Filip Dorssemont (June 2019) - Key concepts in religious discrimination - FR
Alexia Gardin (March 2019) - Religious clothing and symbols at work - FR
Sophie Robin-Olivier (March 2019) - Towards a reasonable accommodation for religious reasons in EU law? - FR
Stéphanie Hennette Vauchez (March 2019) - Equality conflicts: freedom of religion and belief, and its interaction with other freedoms - FR
Jonathan Mitchell (March 2019) - Religious employers – CJEU case law - FR
Burkard Göpfert (March 2019) - Intersectional Discrimination – gender aspects of religious discrimination - FR
Dagmar Schiek (March 2019) - Religious discrimination at the work place - DE - FR - EL - PT
Daniël Cuypers (November 2018) - Religious discrimination at the workplace - DE - FR - IT
Lucy Vickers (September 2018) - Recent and pending case law of the CJEU on religious discrimination
Philippa Watson (June 2018) - Religious discrimination at the workplace - DE
Herbert Hopf (May 2018) - Religious discrimination at the workplace - DE - FR - PL
Patrice Adam (February 2018) - Religious discrimination in the workplace - DE - FR - IT
Ronan McCrea (December 2017) - Religion at the Workplace - DE - FR - ES
Gwyneth Pitt (September 2017) - Freedom of religion at the workplace - CJEU cases Achbita and Bougnaoui
Sophie Robin-Olivier (May 2017) - Freedom of religion at the workplace in the EU - HR
Claudia Schmidt (May 2017) - Freedom of Religion in the Workplace in Europe - DE
Maleiha Malik (November 2016) - Religious or political convictions, a criterion unlike the rest? - FR
Ingrid Aendenboom (July 2016) - Wearing religious signs at work and the recent/pending cases at the ECtHR and at the CJEU in the context of European developments on discrimination on grounds of religion or belief.
Marco Ventura (June 2016) - Reasonable accommodation of religion and other discrimination grounds in EU law
Erica Howard (June 2016) - The expression of religious belief in employment relationships - ES
Olivier De Schutter (May 2016) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - DE
Mathias Möschel (November 2015) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - FR - DE - ES
Krzysztof Smiszek (November 2015) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - FR
Declan O’Dempsey (October 2015) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion and sexual orientation main features and recent case law - IT
Emmanuelle Bribosia (December 2014) - Race, religion and sexual orientation - DE - ES
Dick Houtzager (September 2014) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - PL
Anna Śledzińska-Simon (May 2014) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - FR
Erica Howard (February 2014) - Discrimination on grounds of racial, religion and sexual orientation: main features and recent case law
Robert Wintemute (February 2014)
- Discrimination on the Grounds of Disability - DE - EL - HR
Shivaun Quinlivan (November 2023) - Discrimination on the grounds of disability - DE - ES - IT - RO - SK
Petr Polák (October 2023) - The Concepts of ‘Disability’ and ‘Reasonable Accommodation’ in EU Law and the UNCRPD - FR - PL
Andrea Broderick (June 2023) - The reasonable accommodation duty under EU law
Shivaun Quinlivan (June 2023) - The EU Disability Card “in the making”
Delia Ferri (June 2023) - Disability in EU Law - RO
Lucy-Ann Buckley (May 2023) - Disability and discrimination - Reasonable accommodation, ECJ cases and the UNCRPD - DE - ES - FR
Oliver Tolmein (November 2022) - Discrimination on Grounds of Disability: CRPD and EU Law - BG - EE - FR - RO
Galya Valkova (September 2022) - New CJEU cases on reasonable accommodation
Tamás Gyulavári (June 2022) - Disability and discrimination - LV
Sandija Novicka (May 2022) - Discrimination on the grounds of disability: UNCRPD and EU law by - DE - FR - IT - PT
André Gubbels (April 2022) - The concepts of disability and reasonable accommodation in EU law and the UNCRPD - DE - EL - ES - FR
Delia Ferri (December 2021) - Discrimination on the grounds of disability: The relationship between EU Law and the UNCRPD – The concepts of Disability and Reasonable Accommodation - DE - ES - FR - IT - LT
Angela Vernia (April 2021) - The Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Covid-19 Times
Delia Ferri (February 2021) - Disability and reasonable accommodation: EU law and UNCRPD - DE - ES - FR - NL
Dick Houtzager (January 2021) - Discrimination on the grounds of disability: UNCRPD and EU law - IT
Sara Alcázar Ortiz (October 2020) - Discrimination on the grounds of disability and reasonable accommodation - DE - FR - PT
Maria Ventegodt Liisberg (June 2020) - The relationship between disability non-discrimination law and quota schemes in Europe
Lisa Waddington (May 2020) - Discriminación por razón de discapacidad: discapacidad y ajustes razonables en el derecho de la UE y en la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad
Joan Agustí Maragall (Ocotber 2019) - The concepts of disability and reasonable accommodation in EU law and the NCRPD (Paper) - DE - FR - HU
Oliver Lewis (September 2018) - From Navas to Kaltoft: The European Court of Justice´s evolving definition of disability and the implication for HIV- positive individuals
Peter McTigue (June 2016) - Discrimination based on obesity - Implications of the FOA case, C-354/13
Jacob Sand (June 2015) - Discrimination on the grounds of disability - ES - CZ
Aart Hendriks (April 2015) - EU Disability Anti-Discrimination Law: the UN CRPD, reasonable accommodation and CJEU Case Law - IT - PL
Lisa Waddington (December 2014) - Intersectional Discrimination with a Special Focus on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
Gauthier de Beco (October 2014) - Judging Disability Discrimination in the EU - Paper - PL
Anna Lawson (May 2014) - Introduction to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its added value - DE
Jenny Goldsmith (February 2014)
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- Age discrimination in employment and biases in the CJEU case law - ES
Nena Georgantzi (April 2023) - Discrimination on Grounds of Age: CJEU Case Law - DE - FR - NL
Petra Weingerl (January 2021) - Age discrimination: old difficulties, new challenges and the CJEU case law - DE - FR - PT - PL - Paper
Maria do Rosário Ramalho (November 2020) - Age discrimination in EU law - DE - FR - EL
Colm O’Cinneide (October 2020) - Discrimination on the grounds of age: CJEU case law - DE - FR - IT
Simonetta Manfredi (October 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of age: CJEU case law - DE - FR - IT - ES - BG
Jean-Philippe Lhernould (September 2020) - EU non-discrimination on grounds of age - DE - FR - LT
Beryl ter Haar (June 2020) - Age discrimination in EU law (and beyond): contextualizing the relevant case-law of the CJEU - PL
Milla Vidina (February 2020) - Discrimination on the grounds of age - DE - FR
Eva Maria Hohnerlein (November 2019) - CJEU case law on age discrimination - ES
Xavier Solà i Monells (October 2019) - Age Discrimination - HU
Declan O’Dempsey (September 2018) - Discrimination on grounds of age – recent case law of the Court of Justice - FR - IT
Jeffrey Kenner (February 2018) - Discrimination Based on Age - Recent Case-Law of the CJEU - DE - FR - ES
Monika Schlachter (September 2017) - Age discrimination in light of the CJEU case law - HR
Helen Meenan (May 2017) - Age Discrimination in the light of the CJEU case law - FR
Declan O’Dempsey (July 2016) - CJEU case law in matters of age-based discrimination - ES
Raphael Bustos Gisbert (May 2016) - The prohibition of discrimination based on age in the light of the recent CJEU case law - FR
Marie Mercat-Bruns (November 2015) - Age discrimination in the light of the CJEU case law - FR
Helen Meenan (October 2015) - Discrimination on the grounds of age: recent case law of the CJEU - DE
Christiane Brors (April 2015) - The CJEU & Age Discrimination - Trends and the problem of a mandatory retirement age
Aaron Baker (June 2015) - Age discrimination: recent cases from the CJEU - CZ - DE - FR
Declan O´Dempsey (April 2015) - The EU Ban on Age-Discrimination in the case law of the CJEU - PL
Ann Numhauser-Henning (May 2014) - Discrimination on Grounds of Age: Recent Case Law of the CJEU - DE
Martin Nettesheim (February 2014)
- Age discrimination in employment and biases in the CJEU case law - ES
- Discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation - DE - EE - EL - FR - IT - NL - RO
Alina Trifonidou (November 2023) - Discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation: main features and CJEU case law - IT
Mathias Möschel (October 2023) - LGBTIQ rights in the EU: Sexual orientation discrimination; Intersex and transgender rights; Same-sex unions - FR
Lina Papadopoulou (June 2023) - EU proposal on cross-border recognition of parenthood
Lenka Křičková (June 2023) - LGBTI+ rights in the EU
Anna Mazurczak (April 2023) - LGBTIQ rights in the EU: applying EU anti-discrimination law - DE - FR - SK
Marjolein van den Brink (November 2022) - LGBTIQ rights in the EU - RO
Iustina Ionescu (October 2022) - Equal Marriage Rights: How have the two European courts approached it?
Masuma Shahid (June 2022) - LGBTQIA+ rights and prevention of discrimination - LV
Lauris Liepa (May 2022) - Is there a right to be recognised as a same-sex union under ECHR?
Dorota Pudzianowska (December 2021) - LGBT Rights in the EU: Main Features and CJEU Case Law - ES
Uladzislau Belavusau (April 2021) - Transgender and Intersex rights Current legal challenges
Isabelle Rorive (February 2021) - Rainbow families in the EU: trends, challenges and perspectives
Elisabeth Greif (February 2021) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation - DE
Marion Guerrero (November 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation - DE - ES - FR
Lilla Farkas (October 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation - IT
Kristina Koldinská (October 2020) - Discrimination based on race and sexual orientation: Case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU - BG - DE - FR
Margarita Ilieva (September 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation : main features and CJEU case law - HU
Mathias Möschel (June 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation: main features and CJEU case law - DE - FR - LT
Erica Howard (June 2020) - Legal gender recognition in Europe: choice, challenges and consequences
Peter Dunne (May 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation - DE - FR - ES - PL
Anna Śledzińska-Simon (February 2020) - Discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation in EU law: main features and CJEU case law - DE - FR - EL
Lina Papadopoulou (November 2019) - Discrimination on Grounds of Race and Sexual Orientation: Main Features and CJEU Case Law - DE - FR - PL - ES
Uladzislau Belavusau (October 2019) - Trans and intersex equality rights in Europe
Marjolein van den Brink (June 2019) - Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships in Europe
Samuel Fulli-Lemaire (June 2018) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation: main features and CJEU case law - DE - FR - PT
Petr Polák (November 2017) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation: main features, recent CJEU cases - DE - FR
Krzysztof Smiszek (September 2017) - Race and sexual orientation: Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation CJEU case law
Goran Selanec (May 2017) - Discrimination on the grounds of race/ ethnic origin and sexual orientation - FR
Tine Birkelund Thomsen (March 2017) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual Orientation: main features and CJEU case law - DE
Kristina Koldinská (November 2016) - Gender identitiy & the registration of sex by public authorities
Marjolein van de Brink (June 2016) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - DE
Mathias Möschel (November 2015) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - FR
Declan O’Dempsey (October 2015) - Sexual orientation discrimination – latest developments
Krzysztof Smiszek (June 2015) - Discrimination on the basis of other grounds: “race”, religion, sexual orientation - FR - DE
Ingrid Aendenboom (April 2015) - Discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation: CJEU case law - CZ
Kristina Koldinska (April 2015) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion and sexual orientation main features and recent case law - IT
Emmanuelle Bribosia (December 2014) - Race, religion and sexual orientation - DE - ES
Dick Houtzager (September 2014) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientationPL
Anna Śledzińska-Simon (May 2014) - Discrimination on grounds of racial, religion and sexual orientation: main features and recent case law
Robert Wintemute (February 2014)
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- Racial discrimination and nationality/migration exceptions: the case of the Race Equality Directive
David Fennelly (June 2023) - Discrimination based on race and sexual orientation: Case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU - BG - NL
Margarita Ilieva (January 2021) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation - DE
Marion Guerrero (November 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation - IT
Kristina Koldinská (October 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation - ES - FR
Lilla Farkas (October 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation : main features and CJEU case law - HU
Mathias Möschel (June 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation: main features and CJEU case law - DE - FR - LT
Erica Howard (June 2020) - Discrimination on grounds of race: focus on xenophobia and Islamophobia
Lilla Farkas (November 2019) - Discrimination on Grounds of Race and Sexual Orientation: Main Features and CJEU Case Law - DE - FR - PL - ES
Uladzislau Belavusau (October 2019) - Race Equality Directive - FR - DE - ES
Paulina Carlin (September 2019) - Racial discrimination, with particular reference to the Roma: The protection at European level - IT - DE - FR
Giulia Perin (May 2019) - Discrimination on grounds of race and ethnicity and its relevance to nationality - EL
Dimitris Goulas (November 2018) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation: main features and CJEU case law - DE - FR - PT
Petr Polák (November 2017) - The European silence on race: from Timishevto Jyske Finans
Lilla Farkas (May 2017) - Race and sexual orientation: Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation CJEU case law
Goran Selanec (May 2017) - Discrimination on the grounds of race/ ethnic origin and sexual orientation - FR
Tine Birkelund Thomsen (March 2017) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual Orientation: main features and CJEU case law - DE - CZ
Kristina Koldinská (November 2016) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation: main features and CJEU case law - DE - FR - ES
Anna Sledzinska-Simon (October 2016) - Discrimination on grounds of race and sexual orientation: main features, recent CJEU cases - FR
Krzysztof Smiszek (July 2016) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - DE
Mathias Möschel (November 2015) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - FR
Declan O’Dempsey (October 2015) - Through Strasbourg to Luxembourg: the case study of Roma desegregation litigation
Lilla Farkas (June 2015) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion and sexual orientation main features and recent case law - IT
Emmanuelle Bribosia (December 2014) - Roma in European equality case law
Margarita Ilieva (October 2014) - Race, religion and sexual orientation - DE - ES
Dick Houtzager (September 2014) - Discrimination on grounds of race, religion, sexual orientation - PL
Dr Anna Sledzinska-Simon (May 2014) - Discrimination on grounds of racial, religion and sexual orientation: main features and recent case law
Robert Wintemute (February 2014)
- Racial discrimination and nationality/migration exceptions: the case of the Race Equality Directive
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- Multiple and intersectional discrimination in the case law of the European Courts: A comparative analysis
Raphaële Xenidis (June 2019) - Multiple discrimination in EU equality law - DE - FR - ES
Raphaële Xenidis (June 2018) - Uses, abuses and non-uses of intersectionality before the European Court of Justic
Dagmar Schiek (May 2017) - Multiple discrimination - FR
Snjezana Vasiljevic (November 2015) - Multiple discrimination - FR - DE
Barbara G. Bello (April 2015) - The Challenge of Multiple Discrimination - DE
Marie Mercat-Bruns (September 2014) - Multiple discrimination - FR
Erica Howard (February 2014)
- Multiple and intersectional discrimination in the case law of the European Courts: A comparative analysis
- The application of EU law & the preliminary reference to the CJEU - EL
Georgios Safouris (November 2023) - The role of the national judge in applying EU Anti-discrimination Law - RO
Beatrice Ramascanu (May 2023) - The role of the Member State judge in the implementation of EU anti-discrimination directives - EE
Tim Kolk (September 2022) - The role of the national judge in applying EU Anti-discrimination directives - PT
José Luis Lopes da Mota (April 2022) - The role of the national judge in applying the anti-discrimination directives - RO
Amelia-Raluca Onișor (October 2021) - Applying EU Anti-discrimination Law - SL
Vesna Bergant Rakočević (September 2021) - The role of the national judge in applying the EU antidiscrimination directives - ES
Rocío Ortega Atienza (April 2021) - The role of the national judge in applying the EU anti-discrimination directives: practical tips for submitting a preliminary ruling request - FR
Magdalena Licková (September 2019) - The role of the national judge in applying the EU anti-discrimination directives: relationship with national legal orders and the preliminary ruling procedure - IT
Luca Prete (May 2019) - The role of the national Judge in applying the EU non-discrimination directives: relationship with national legal orders and the preliminary ruling procedure - EL
Alkiviadis Feresidis (November 2018) - Role of a Member State judge in the application of the EU Anti-Discrimination Directives: relationship with the national legal systems; the preliminary ruling proceeding - HU
Szilvia Halmos (September 2018) - The role of the national judge in applying the EU anti-discrimination directives: relationship with national legal orders and the preliminary ruling procedure - DE
Gregor Maderbacher (May 2018) - The role of the national judge in the application of EU anti-discrimination law - PT
Bruno Mestre (November 2017) - The Role of the National Judge in the Preliminary Ruling Procedure - DE - FR - ES
Lars Bay Larsen (September 2016) - Applying EU law in domestic proceedings and requesting a preliminary ruling - CZ - DE - FR
Claudia Schmidt (October 2015)
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ALGORITHMS IN LABOUR RELATIONS: NEW SOURCES OF DISCRIMINATION - EL - PT
Maria do Rosário Palma Ramalho (November 2023) - Equality, Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms and automated decisions: How to detect and address discrimination in the context of AI? - IT
Marzia Barbera (October 2023) - Equality, artificial intelligence, algorithms and automated decisions: how to detect and address discrimination in the context of AI? - ES - FR - RO
Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius (June 2023) - Equality, artificial intelligence, algorithms and automated decisions: How to detect and address discrimination in the context of AI? - ES
Ana Maria Corrêa (April 2023) - Equality, AI, algorithms and automated decisions - RO
Janneke Gerards (October 2022) - AI Discrimination and Algorithmic Fairness – Technical Solutions and Legal Constraints - EE
Philipp Hacker (September 2022) - Directly Discriminatory Algorithms
Jeremias Adams-Prassl, Reuben Binns, Aislinn Kelly-Lyth (June 2022) - Algorithm-based discrimination at work - FR
Sylvaine Laulom (December 2021) - Equality, artificial intelligence, algorithms and automated decisions: how to detect and address discrimination in the context of AI? - SK
Miroslav Chlipala (June 2021) - Regulating AI – the way forward
Robin Allen (February 2021) - Understanding the algorithmic black box: Discriminatory effects of pricing algorithms – what protection do data protection law and anti-discrimination law provide?
Juan Carlos Benito Sánchez (May 2020) - Equality data
Katrin Wladasch (May 2020) - The sharing economy and EU antidiscrimination law – Human control over reproducing inequalities
Luca Ratti (June 2019) - Algorithms, apps & artificial intelligence: the next frontier in discrimination law? - Paper
Robin Allen (June 2018) - Discrimination in the on-demand economy
Miriam Kullmann (May 2017)
- Tackling hate speech in EU law - DE - EE - EL - FR
Margarita S. Ilieva (November 2023) - Tackling Hate Speech in EU Law - IT - LV
Natalie Alkiviadou (October 2023) - Hate speech, freedom of expression and non-discrimination - RO
Tina Stavrinaki (May 2023) - Tackling hate speech in EU Law - DE - FR
Agnieszka Kluczynska-Cichocka (November 2022) - Tackling Hate Speech in EU Law - RO
Uladzislau Belavusau (October 2022) - Tackling hate speech in EU law - PT
Sara Benedi Lahuerta (April 2022) - ECtHR: Hate speech, freedom of expression and non-discrimination
Antoine Buyse (December 2021) - Tackling hate speech in EU law - DE - FR - RO
Katrin Wladasch (October 2021) - Hate speech - SK
Andrea Erdősová (June 2021) - Hate Speech (Paper) - ES
María Ángeles Villegas García (April 2021) - EU initiatives towards tackling illegal hate speech online
Louisa Klingvall (February 2021) - Tackling hate speech in the European Union - The measurable and unmeasurable harms of hate speech
Paul Iganski (June 2019)
- Indirect and systemic discrimination: impact and responses - IT
Marie Mercat-Bruns (October 2023) - EU anti-discrimination law and economic inequalities
Amalie Frese (June 2023) - EU anti-discrimination law as a field in its own right – overcoming socialisation and criminalisation?
Dagmar Schiek (June 2023) - Anti-Discrimination Law and Climate Change
Sophie Robin-Olivier (June 2023) - The Current and Future Direction of European Equality Law
Colm O’ Cinneide (June 2023) - Migration, Asylum and EU-AntiDiscrimination
Janine Silga (June 2022) - Socio-economic inequalities: Rethinking equality law’s architecture
Juan Carlos Benito Sanchez (June 2022) - Judicial (intersectional) negative stereotyping
Margarita S. Ilieva (December 2021) - Recent case-law of the ECtHR on non-discrimination
Janneke Gerards (February 2021) - The recent equality and non-discrimination caselaw of the CJEU
Colm O’Cinneide (February 2021) - Relation between EU law and ECHR on anti-discrimination - LT
Danutė Jočienė (June 2020) - 20 years of EU anti-discrimination law: shortcomings and progress
Uladzislau Belavusau (May 2020) - Enforcing EU equality law through collective redress: lagging behind?
Sara Benedí Lahuerta (May 2020) - The evolution from formal non-discrimination towards substantive equality in the CJEU case law
Marc de Vos (May 2020) - Recent activities at European level in the area of non-discrimination
Tamás Kádár (June 2019) - Recent CJEU equality case law
Anna Sledzinska-Simon (June 2019) - The Hierarchy in EU Equality Law and the Protection of Vulnerable Minorities
Erica Howard (June 2019) - Reconceptualising European Equality Law
Johanna Croon-Gestefeld (June 2019) - Update on recent activities of the European Commission in the area of non-discrimination
Johan Ten Geuzendam (June 2018) - Recent ECtHR case law in non-discrimination matters
Marco Balboni (June 2018) - Latest CJEU discrimination cases
Christa Tobler (June 2018) - Recent CJEU case law on equality between women and men
Marjolein van den Brink (June 2018) - Anti-discrimination law: a new discipline in private law?
Marie Mercat-Bruns (May 2017) - Recent anti-discrimination case law of the CJEU
Christa Tobler (May 2017) - Taking EU equality law to the next level: in the search of coherence & better enforcement
Sara Benedi Lahuerta (June 2016) - Current equality law developments in France- The French model of expanding the discrimination grounds as a way forward for the EU?
Marie Mercat-Bruns (June 2016) - Anti-discrimination law and the fragmentation of the enterprise
Silvia Borelli (June 2016) - Discrimination in Housing
Julie Ringelheim (June 2016) - Recent case-law of the European Court of Human Rights on Non-Discrimination
Janneke Gerards (June 2016) - Recent CJEU case law on other non-discrimination grounds
Julie Brohée (December 2015) - Current anti-discrimination law issues in France and their possible impact on the EU - FR
Marie Mercat-Bruns (October 2015) - Expanding the discrimination grounds as a way forward?
Sophie Latraverse (June 2015) - Recent CJEU case law on equality M/F
Marjolein van den Brink (June 2015) - The concept of equality as applied by the CJEU and the ECtHR
Christa Tobler (October 2014) - Reflections on EU Anti-discrimination law and the decisions of the Council of Europes’ Committee of Social Rights
Monika Schlachter (October 2014)
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Last updated in January 2024